International Journal of Academic Reserach in Economics and Management Sciences

An Empirical Study of Customers’ Perceptions of Service Quality and Loyalty with Using Structural Equation Modeling

Sayyede Nasim Amirosadat — 2025-01-20

This paper investigated the relationship between service quality and loyalty between online buyers . electronic service quality is found to be a prime determinant of consumer loyalty which is very important for the growth of any retailer industry. On this study, we have selected four most important dimensions of e-service quality which are: Reliability, Responsiveness, Ease of use, and Security. We adopted a quantitative approach for this study and our survey took place in Isfahan city. After collecting the data we analyzed it with structural equation modeling. We found that all the four dimensions of e-service quality have strong relationship with consumer loyalty which means that they have considerable impact on building and maintaining the loyalty of online banking users. We found out that the users give the highest priority to the organization of website contents and security of transaction.

An Action For Damages Before The Court Of Justice Of The European Union

Ioana Nely Militaru — 2025-01-20

Among the actions that take place before the Court of Justice of the European Union and forming competence include liability action. This is triggered due to the fact that the European Union through the work they carry can cause damage, training on such civil liability. The paper is structured in the action for damages, both declictual and contract, in the light of the Lisbon Treaty, namely the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.

Calculation of Project Scheduling in Stochastic Networks

Ahmad Jafarnejad — 2025-01-20

The objective of this paper is to calculate the completion time of various network paths according to which project completion time could be calculated. Critical Path Method (CPM) is used to determine project completion time if the time to conduct activities is definite. But if time of conducting activities is probable, Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) method must be used and if occurring activities is possible, Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT) method should be applied. The current project control software usually cannot perform calculations for the last two states. Moreover, using manual methods is impossible if the network is composed of several activities. Thus applying the simulation approach is an appropriate method in such states. Simulation is used as a strong tool to analyze systems because it has a close relationship with real systems and considers many complicated relations in them. It is intended to determine project completion time and critical path in this survey given that time of activities is probable and each activity is the prerequisite to another. ARENA software has been used to do so which is based on simulation method.

Impact of Brand Identity on Customer Loyalty and Word of Mouth Communications, Considering Mediating Role of Customer Satisfaction and Brand Commitment (Case Study: Customers of Mellat Bank in Kermanshah)

Ali Kazemi — 2025-01-20

Brand names inthe current globaleconomy are consideredas oneof thefundamentalprinciples ofbusiness. Every brandwantsto bepowerful, should be abletocorrectlyidentify themselves during thebirthand growthstages and over time, through innovation, improve its image in the minds of consumers. Today, the brand identity, as well as capital creates value for the organization and its products. A powerful brand has a duty to be faithful to their identity. The study analyzes the impact of brand identity on customer loyalty and word of mouth advertising and variables of customer satisfaction and brand commitment have been studied as an intermediate variable. This study is an applied research and the method of data collection is a descriptive – survey. In this study, customers of Mellat Bank in the Kermanshah selected as a Statistical population. By using Cochran formula sample size has been estimated about 384 people who were selected randomly. A questionnaire was used for data collection. Reliability and validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha testing and university professors. The results showed that all hypotheses are confirmed and have been showed significant relationship between brand identity, customer loyalty and word of mouth advertising considering mediating role of customer satisfaction and brand commitment.

Emotional Intelligence and Academic Achievement Among Students at the Higher Secondary Level

S. Chamundeswari — 2025-01-20

The present study aims to investigate emotional intelligence and academic achievement of students at the higher secondary level. Using random sampling technique 321 students, from the higher secondary level in different systems of education, namely, state, matriculation and central board schools are chosen. The Emotional Intelligence Scale (Hydes and others, 2002) has been used to assess the emotional intelligence and the marks scored in Science were taken from their half yearly performance. The data collected is subjected to statistical analysis, namely, mean, standard deviation, ‘t’- test, ‘F’- ratio, Karl Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient ‘r’. Results show a positive significant correlation between emotional intelligence and academic achievement among the students. Further the students belonging to the central board schools have a higher level of emotional intelligence compared to students in state board but did not differ with students in matriculation board schools at the higher secondary level. Similarly, students belonging to central board schools are found to perform better in academics compared to students in state and matriculation board schools at the higher secondary level.

The Impact of Organizational Justice and Internal Marketing on Organizational Commitment with Using Structural Equation Modeling

Ali Nasr Esfahani — 2025-01-20

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of internal marketing, organizational justice and organizational commitment. A quantitative survey methodology was adopted to collect data from private banks’ employees in Isfahan. A sample of 280 employees within 20private banks was used. Data were analyzed using AMOS 16.0 to determine the interactions between the various factors. This study contributes to the literature by examining organizational commitment in light of employee’s perception of organizational justice and internal marketing using structural equation modeling to explore the complex relationship among the organizational factors .Empirical findings confirmed that internal marketing and organizational justice had a positive direct effect on organizational commitment. Employees ’ perception of organizational justice was positively related with their level of organizational commitment. In addition, perception of distributive justice had great impact on the employee’s organizational commitment.

Inclusion of Sustainable Development Investments in EU Funded Projects

Andreea Lorena RADU — 2025-01-20

The global economic development from the last 3 decades was performed mostly by irrational using and drastically reducing of available resources. Maximizing the economic growth, a promoted tendency subsequent the industrial revolution, can no longer be sustained by our planet, while ignoring the environmental and social issues. In this regard, each State must implement all necessary measures to support sustainable development and any investment effort must contribute to the achievement of sustainable development, taking into consideration all its 3 dimensions: economic, social and ecological. This paper aims to present and analyze the factors that influence and determine the inclusion of sustainable development investments in projects financed by European funds, following an extensive survey conducted among 577 beneficiaries of the most accessed European financing programmes, including through developing specific regression models.

The Act of Charity, Part of the Social Economy

Dragos Radulescu — 2025-01-20

The pleasure to offer has no connection with richness or welfare, it occurs when you realize that your neighbor is more afflicted than you, that you are more blessed by God or you want to be at peace with yourself by helping others in order to thank or to seek real help, of divine, superfluous nature.

Although pleasure does not interfere with need, it brings about a good feeling, while the need seems to be embodied in our nature as we cannot live without it and now and then we make them merge to combine feelings with reason. Offering is an act without expectation for reward, although the benefits occur after a while, being both material (reward) and especially immaterial, a service or a gesture of gratefulness. We offer when we love, we give because we need to establish moral and social values for our peers to perceive the approach, understanding, tolerance and solidarity.

Impact of Cost of Capital, Financial Leverage, And The Growth Rate of Dividends on Rate of Return on Investment An Empirical Study of Amman Stock Exchange

Khaled Abdalla Moh’d Al-Tamimi — 2025-01-20

This study aims to identify the most important determinants of the rate of return on investment in stocks and the application of it on industrial enterprises, contributed to the ASE, which consists of 91 industrial companies during the study period from 1997- 2009. The study used Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, The Model included a number of independent variables which are the cost of capital, Financial leverage, and growth rate of dividends. The results of the study showed that there is appositive effect and statistically significant for growth rate of dividends on rate of return on investment (dependent variable). On the other hand, the study showed no effect with statistical significance for each of the cost of capital and Financial leverage on rate of return on investment (dependent variable). It turns out that the effect of the growth rate of dividends on the rate of return on investment is not compatible with the hypotheses of the study, while that the effect of each of cost of capital and Financial leverage on rate of return on investment in the stock, consistent with the hypothesis of the study.

Proposed Applicable Structure For Benchmarking In Holding Organizations

Iraj Masoomi Baran Mahdavi — 2025-01-20

Successful and excellence organizations are constantly learning from their experiences and other organizations. So, to institutionalize the learning process systematically and consistently within the organizations, using tools such as benchmarking can actually be very useful. Benchmarking is an increasingly popular approach in the quest for increased performance, both by manufacturing and service organizations. But many others think that benchmarking is an industrial tourism or a copy and paste activity. There is a key question: "what kind of applied structure is required for alignment, synergy and coordination of learning activities in organizations to achieve higher quality and productivity?" and this paper presents how holding organizations, can apply their learning and practices effectively and efficiently based on an applicable structure of benchmarking including identification, selection, evaluation, consolidation and dissemination of experiences in organizations, in order to promote benchmarking culture, and improve organizational learning capacity in Iranian holding organizations. In this respect we used focus groups, expert viewpoints and field study and we collected the required data through face to face interviews, questionnaire distributed by mail and review of the scientific documents. Finally we present the applicable structure and related system of benchmarking in the holding organization and subordinate units based on a field study, expert's opinions and focus groups discussions.

The Role of The Government in the Absorption of the European Funds in Romania

Andreea – Monica Predonu — 2025-01-20

If we could understand the economies of the states as potential "growth mechanisms" ^[1]which requires fuel to operate, but also the agreement of parts or primary components so that most effectively promote entrepreneurship, innovation, and economic growth, we could consider that the role of the country management is just identifying the route by which the fruit of these economies would be transposed into prosperity for all the people while the revenue stream that reaches the state through the tax system should be fair and equitable managed."The fuel" of an economy is the right set of macroeconomic policies: mainly prudent fiscal and monetary policies to keep inflation low and relatively table and prevent that the decrease of the economic activity affect long-term growth. Essentially, the term “country management” derives from the rational approach of the public goods, the choice of the politicians on performance and civic spirit criteria, to implement measures for organic and sustainable growth.

Determinants of Capital Structure in Nigerian Banking Sector

Aremu, Mukaila Ayanda — 2025-01-20

Capital is considered as the cornerstone of a bank’s financial strength since it supports bank operations by providing a buffer to absorb unanticipated losses from its activities and, in the event of problems, enabling the bank to continue to operate in a sound and viable manner while the problems are addressed or resolved. The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between the level of leverage ratios with "Size", "Dividend Payout", "Profitability", "Tangibility", "Liquidity", "Growth" and "Tax Charge"; with reference to the capital structure models and theories, and to identify leverage ratios which indicates the most pertinent factor motivating the capital structure choice in Nigerian Banking Industry between 2006 and 2010. The research work makes use of the econometric procedure in estimating the relationship between banks capital structure and its key determinants. The pooled ordinary Least Square (Pooled OLS) technique was employed in obtaining the numerical estimates of the coefficients in different equations.

The findings of the study revealed that the main determinant factors which contribute to the bank leverage level of the Banking industry in Nigeria between the years 2006 to 2010 are mainly bank size, dividend payout, profitability, tangible assets, growth, business risk and tax charge factors with all of these factors conforming to sign expectations based on theoretical findings. The paper recommended that major players such as bank managers, financial analysts and policy maker will have better understanding about the factors which may influence the capital structure of the Nigerian banking sector and enhance competitiveness in the banking sector.

Role of Financial Markets in a Global Economy and the Concept of Uncertainty

Ercan ekmekcioglu — 2025-01-20

Despite the fact that the ‘Great Recession’ may have ended, a common unusual process has soon followed across most of the highly developed economies across the globe. This is the process of restoring balance sheets in both the private as well as the public institutions. The manner in which this kind of deleveraging will develop or the duration it will last is still not very clear. Due to this form of deleveraging, the global recovery has been held back in addition to the fact that most of the individual economies across the globe are suffering heavily as a result of this (Valdez, 2000). When it comes to the euro region, there is much stagnation as the area struggles to come in terms with the primary crisis of balance-of-payment (Rengasamy, 2012). On the other hand, the United States has the issue of fiscal cliff to handle and this has had a great impact on its general economy (Suderman, 2013). China which has also experienced immense growth in the past has been forced to come in terms with the reduction in demand for its key products that it relies on as export. Finally, other emerging markets across the globe are also fighting so as to ensure a continuous growth of their economies despite the fact that there has been generally a decrease in demand as far as their exports are concerned (Wolf, 2009). This great uncertainty among different economies across the globe has created what is now being referred to as ‘global economy of uncertainty’. It is important to note that in this global economy of uncertainty, financial markets have a great role to play as it shall be explained in this paper. The role played by these financial markets has been generally categorized as; intermediary functions, economic functions and the financial functions (John, 2007; Berg, 2010; Copeland, 2005; Fabozzi, 2002). These key categories of financial market functions clearly show the major role played by these markets as far as the global economy of uncertainty is concerned.

Designing a Mechanism for Evaluating the Business Activities with Focus on the Inventory System through Supply Chain Approach

Ahmad Jafarnejad — 2025-01-20

The purpose of this study is to design a mechanism for evaluating business activities with focus on the inventory system through supply chain approach and to implement it in the energy industry. It is necessary to identify the main business purposes through supply chain approach for achieving purpose of the study. In order to design the rational mechanism for evaluating business activities, the characteristics of the markets in which the energy industry is working should be recognized. Also supply chain strategies, their relations with the related measures and supply chain goals, and operationalizing the purposes through a four-step process have been described. Finally, a model has been described that facilitates the continuous improvement process of inventory system through measuring efficiency and effectiveness indexes.

Macroeconomic Impact of Oil Price Levels and Volatility in Nigeria

Apere O. ThankGod — 2025-01-20

This study investigates the time-series relationship on the impact of oil price volatility on macroeconomic activity in Nigeria using exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (EGARCH), impulse response function and lag-augmented VAR (LA-VAR) models. We found evidence that there is a unidirectional relationship exists between the interest rate, exchange rate and oil prices, with the direction from oil prices to both exchange rate and the interest rate. However, a significant relationship between oil prices and real GDP was not found. Our results suggest a potentially important role for energy prices in future research on exchange rate modelling.

Issues Relating To The Steps Leading To The Entry Into Force of The Legal Acts of The Eu

Ioana Nely Militaru — 2025-01-20

This paper presents briefly legal acts of the European Union ", in terms of jurisprudence of EU Treaties Court of Justice of the European Union, referring to the steps leading to the entry into force of EU legal acts, namely: motivation, signature or notification ( where applicable).Special emphasis is placed on the entry into force of the legal acts specified in terms of the Lisbon Treaty.

Globalization: The Tendency of Increasing Sales and Production Through Outsourcing

Elhami Shaqiri — 2025-01-20

The globalization of the world economy has relieved control over to the open-market rules and regulations, and that is of great significance for enterprises who aim to extant their activities into the new markets, because this would enable them to compete on equal footings with the other companies, such as local ones for instance. It is evident that multinationals want to be present where: (1) demand and supply can be met in the most efficient and profitable circumstances, and (2) the production factors such as labor, capital, and technology can be obtained and used at the lowest possible cost, this of course with the aim of maximizing their overall profits.

The Dilemma of Success and Failure in Family Business: Overcoming Failure and Attaining Success

Amber Qurashi — 2025-01-20

The purpose of this study was to describe the present circumstances and setbacks of the family owned business in Pakistan. The current study has described the characteristics, types and the threats to the family business in Pakistan. This emphasizes on variables that differentiate successful family owned businesses from non successful family owned businesses. It also shed light on the mode of financing that are used by the family business and also on the succession plan that is adopted by the family business. This is a secondary data based study and the data is gathered from the past research papers, newspapers, dissertations, economic bulletins and websites. This analysis demonstrates several key findings, literature analysis reveal six different factors that are necessary for the success of the family business. It also describes the threats that are faced by the family business and this research paper also suggests a model to cope up the threats to the family business. This study describes that if there will be a clear vision, shared values, clear procedure, expectations and proper succession plan, this will show the way to acquire the success of family business. After analyzing the threats this study suggests ten different dynamics which will be helpful to meet those threats. The study also describes the ways and procedures that are necessary for the survival and growth of the business after each succession.

Uncertainty on the Quality of Services: Qualitative Study in the Moroccan Context

Meryem El Alaoui Amine — 2025-01-20

In recent years the service sector has taken a prominent place in the economic dynamics given the importance of the number of companies operating in this sector and the increasing number of services consumed. In this context, the issue of quality arises with acuity, especially the problem of uncertainty about the quality of service because a bad or uncertainty about quality of service, place all the company in a competitive disadvantage. This paper fits into this perspective. Our objective is to identify the sources of uncertainty on the quality of services as well as the means to solve it. The hypothesis of this research is that the specific nature of services is the main source of uncertainty on the quality and quality conventions are tools for resolving this uncertainty. The research took a qualitative approach and used a case study methodology. Precisely two companies have been studied (REDAL company and Groupe Banques Populaires (GBP). The results of our research show that more the service is intangible; more uncertainty about its quality is higher. Both companies apply conventions quality (quality management system, commitment to service) to reduce uncertainty about the quality and this according to the degree of uncertainty about the quality of services.

European Union Citizenship–Ground of an Active Democracy

Charlotte Ene — 2025-01-20

The process of European integration generated a new legal order, European Union, to the profit of which the Member State have limited their sovereign rights and of which the subjects are not only the states but also their nationals, according to the decision issued by European Court of Justice in the case law Van Gend & Loos. The normative changes from Maastricht to Lisbon treaties refer to a new view of sovereignty, self-determination and rights of individuals and it purposes to strengthen the citizens’ feeling of belonging to the European Union. The analysis of the regulation on The European citizens' initiative (ECI) as introduced by the Lisbon Treaty, reveals that the a million citizens from seven member states are allowed to change the EU legislation, having the support of European Commission.

The Financial Accounting System within the Current Economic Context

Dragos Laurentiu Zaharia — 2025-01-20

Within the European Union, the public entities have already applied IFRS to the strengthened financial statements, while the individual entities haven’t yet started to apply them, which is only a matter of time. Consequently, as a member of the European Union, our country must meet these requirements and apply IFRS to individual financial statements, as well.

Determinants of Capital Adequacy in Commercial Banks of Jordan an Empirical Study

Khaled Abdalla Moh’d Al-Tamimi — 2025-01-20

The study aims to identify the most important factors that determine the Capital Adequacy of Commercial Banks of Jordan in Amman Stock Exchange for the period from 2000 - 2008 using Multiple Linear Regression Analysis and the Correlation Coefficient (Pearson Correlation). The study shows the following: 1- There is a statistically significant positive correlation between the degree of capital adequacy in commercial banks and the following independent factors: liquidity risk, and the rate of return on assets. in another hand, there is an inverse relationship with statistical significance between the degree of capital adequacy of commercial banks and factors independent of the following: the rate of return on equity and interest rate risk. 2 - There is an inverse relationship is not statistically significant between the degree of capital adequacy in commercial banks and factors independent of the following: capital risk, credit risk, and the rate of force-revenue. As shown by the results of the study that the independent variables combined with a relatively high effect on the dependent variable and the changes that occur within, as the percentage of the interpretation of the independent variables of the dependent variable reached approximately 61%.

Analysis of Barriers To Entrepreneurship in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMES)

Ahmad Jafarnejad — 2025-01-20

Today entrepreneurship is considered as the economic driving engine for developed and developing countries and most countries have invested considerably on entrepreneurship development. The entrepreneurship development in a community could provide sustainable employment and economic development. It should be noted that entrepreneurship development has always been encountered different challenges and barriers. The present article is aimed to detect and classify the barriers of entrepreneurship development in Iranian SMEs and determine the importance of each barrier. Analyzing 28 detected barriers in the present study show that lack of sufficient knowledge in management skills, business management, lack of adequate investment to start and retain a business, difficulty in finding information about markets, products and prices, troublesome rules obtaining bank loans, and the difficulty in recruiting good and reliable staff are the most important barriers and challenges of corporate entrepreneurship development in Iranian SMEs.

Organizational Citizenship and Generation Y Turnover Intention

Shaiful Annuar Khalid — 2025-01-20

The purpose of the paper is to examine the role of organizational citizenship behavior in determining turnover intention among Generation Y employees. Survey questionnaires that contained measures of OCB, turnover intention and demographic information were distributed among a group of 159 employees working with a Malaysian multinational corporation. The levels of OCB among respondents were above the mid-point of 3 on a 5-point Likert scale. The mean of 2.54 on a 5-point scale for turnover intention indicates that most of the Generation Y employees are neither bent on leaving nor staying. Analyses conducted using multiple regressions indicated that sportsmanship and civic virtue significantly and negatively related with turnover intention.